Journal of Management Sciences and Education †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Management Sciences and Education. Answer: Introduction: Husayn Haykal has established the life of Prophet Muhammad in the most rational and modern way with great expertise. The book The Life of Muhammad has been one of the finest biographies of the Prophet that creates a balance between the miraculous events in his life, and the human part of him which includes rationally explaining his daily activities, and establishing him as a person who is the most loving, most forgiving and perfect (Haykal, 1976). The book starts with the commentary on the relationship of the Christians and the Muslims, the worlds two largest faith and the author has variedly wondered when there were such similarities in the faith and scriptures of these two communities then how could war and hate of such a long time continue unhindered. There is the orthodox section of Islamic scholars who view the life of the Prophet as one being beyond human, which only reflects miracles and super human aspects of him (Fitzpatrick Walker, 2014). Haykal has given more emphasis on rationality and scientific aspects of Islam and life of the Prophet. As a perfect example it can be said that the journey to Jerusalem of Prophet Muhammad in one night has been defined by many orthodox Islamists, done physically by Muhammad. However, the author has stated that such journey can be done in spirit. He has written, Those who believe that al Isrd' took place in spirit do not find such reports unbelievable now that science in our own days has confirmed the possibility of hypnotism and of the hypnotized one to report about events far removed from him. For a spirit holding in unity and presence the spiritual life of the universe in toto, for one so endowed with vision and power so as to penetrate the secret of all life from eternity to eternity, such a feat is not at all surprising. The writer has very consciously rejected the aspects of the faith that can be perceived as superstitious and vague according to the modern sensibility. He has seen Islam as the most scientific and modern religion. The modern society is based on scientific views about life and the author understood well that any attempt to preach unscientific and irrational ideas would result in the larger section of the population rejecting the faith. Therefore, he has given great effort in establishing Islam as a very scientific and understandable religion, and the life of the Prophet has been portrayed as the perfect human. In establishing the life of Prophet Muhammad in the most scientific way, he also countered various criticisms about the Muhammad regarding his marriage and his invasions. The author has effectively validated the Prophets life in the sincerest way maintaining the rational overtone. Any kind of interpretations that are not supported by modern rational are rejected. Therefore, it c an be safely perceived that this book is a great attempt to retrieve the example of the Prophet Muhammad for life in modern society. Islamic states are those where the official religion is Islam. In many Islamic states it is unauthorized to preach other religions publicly. Abul Ala Mawdudi is the person behind conceptualizing and idealizing the modern notion of Islamic state. There is a notable difference between the Islamic state as stated by Ayatollah Khomeini and that of Abul Ala Mawdudi. In the case of Khomeini, the concept was more radical and he supported the idea of enforced Islamization on individuals (Gholizadeh Hook, 2012). However, Mawdudi followed a more softer line of Islamization where the term mainly denotes the Islamization of society and social order instead of individuals. The social rung will be designed in a way that following a life devoid of Islamic principles would be impossible. The three main principles in this regard are Tawhid or the oneness with God, Risala or prophet hood, and Khilafa or the Caliphate. The Islamic government was clearly defined by Khomeini in his book Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih. In this book he has clearly denoted the need for establishing an Islamic state, that which will be administered by radical Islamic laws which will include execution in occasions of blasphemy to the religion. Mawdid has on the other hand philosophically recognized the sovereignty of God which denotes that sources of all law is God himself (Mawdudi, 2013). A person born into a Muslim family cannot be considered as a Muslim unless that person follows Islamic way of life with faith. Mawdudi explained a Muslim as a slave of god, and that he does not have the independence in choosing to do what as he likes if that is not permitted by Islam, however he believed that this must be done by educating and convincing, rather than enforcing the way of life on individua l (Mawdudi, 2016). Maududi saught to bring a revival in the religion and wrote several books according to his idea of true Islam. Maududi essentially viewed secularism and socialism as evil and as an input of western imperialism. Maududi is the founder of Jamat-e-Islami, Asias largest Islamic organization, and he is thought to be the inspiration behind the Islamic State of Pakistan. Khomeini who was Shia by faith had been quoted as saying democracy as bad as prostitution. His idea was establishing an Islamic state which will follow Islamic principles by strict authority (Leurs, 2012). According to Maududi Sharia was the basis on which a Muslim society will essentially be Muslim in its nature. Without the presence and application of Sharia the society cannot be called Islamic. The laws which are borrowed from other sources cannot be deemed as laws from the God hence these kinds of societies are not essentially Islamic in nature. Muhammad Abduh has been largely popular as Islamic Modernism. His thought is based on the idea that the present Muslim population of the world, if continues to be rigid about the thoughts and interpretations provided by the ancient scholars, then it will be difficult for the Islamic society to cope up with the modern world. Human intelligence is the key to help him interpret the ancient philosophies in a modern light. The scholar had given various thoughts about the decline in the quality of the Muslim society, some of which are growth of a number of un-Islamic thoughts and beliefs, the present Islamic society being stagnant into age old thought processes. The Islamic society has become stagnant he believed and there was a need of reforming the society with re-interpretation of the older thoughts and through education of the larger section of the society. Education will bring in the required reforms which will help in relieving the Islamic societies from the different crisis it is going through. The scholar had broadly divided the customs of Islam into two categories, Ibadat or which are the inseparable part of the Islamic faith which cannot be changed in any circumstances. On the other hand, the Muamlat were the social affairs of Islamic society which can be changed and modernised or transformed with time. The reason of the failure of Islam in the modern world is mainly because the absence of a clear understanding between these two concepts. The significance of his thoughts in the way of building a modern Islamic society lies in the fact that he tried to assimilate scientific theories with Islamic thoughts, and he believed that if proper interpretation of the Quran can be made there is no distinction between the two (Amir, Shuriye Ismail, 2012). Islam as a religion is complete in its nature, it provides legal, medical, and social solutions to all the problems in human life therefore the Islamic social aspects should be highlighted to the world and all the thoughts that impede the growth of Islam should be reformed through education and re interpretation. The Hadith which describes the discourses and advices given by the Prophet Muhammad gives social direction to human life, on the other hand the Sharia is the legal framework in which the Islamic states should be governed. However, the age old interpretation and application of these have caused a stagnation to Islamic society. The scholar believed in greater harmonious relationship between various religious communities. He also endeavoured in establishing a better friendship between the Shia and the Sunni sect of Islam. He was quoted as saying "I hope to see the two great religions, Islam and Christianity hand-in-hand, embracing each other. Then the Torah and the Bible and the Qur'an will become books supporting one another being read everywhere, and respected by every nation. His thoughts contributed considerably to the idea of establishing an Islamic society that would be modern and reformist in its approach (Aksoy, 2015). References: Aksoy, N. (2015).Meeting the challenges of modernity as experienced by Said Nursi, Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Abduh. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey-New Brunswick. A'la Mawdudi, S. A. (2013).Towards Understanding Islam. Kube Publishing Ltd. A'la Mawdudi, S. A. (2016).Let us be Muslims. Kube Publishing Ltd. Amir, A. N., Shuriye, A. O., Ismail, A. F. (2012). Muhammad Abduhs Contributions to Modernity.Asian Journal Of Management Sciences And Education ISSN. Fitzpatrick, C., Walker, A. H. (Eds.). (2014).Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. Gholizadeh, S., Hook, D. W. (2012). The discursive construction of the 19781979 Iranian Revolution in the speeches of Ayatollah Khomeini.Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology,22(2), 174-186. Haykal, M. H. (1976).The life of Muhammad. American Trust Publications. Leurs, R. (2012). Ayatollah Khomeini: The changing face of Islam.Estudos Em Comunicao N o 12, 25-45 Dezembro de 2012, Estudos em, 25-45.